Social capital has been defined in numerous ways, and can refer to sociability, social networks and support, trust, reciprocity and community and civic engagement. The effect of social capital upon children's well-being is under-researched, and adults' social capital is often used as a proxy for children's social capital. This fact is only slowly being recognised, there is a need to develop research on measuring children's social capital.

 Health research in developing countries has thus far produced few group studies. This is due to the cost and technical challenges of conducting research and limited capacity to implement research-driven recommendations. Measures of poverty are rarely applied in a child-centric fashion and have solely focused on income. Increasingly, however, poverty is being recognised as encompassing low achievement in education and health, vulnerability and exposure to risk.

Childhood poverty matters directly - for children constitute a large share of the population - and indirectly - for future individual and national well-being. Developed countries measure poverty in terms of income-poverty, although health and education are often taken into account. But these are not necessarily the most direct measure of the things that matter for children. A broader range of factors than material well-being are important for child development. Family and community circumstances, social and psychological variables are important components of child welfare.