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Wealth Gradients in Early Childhood Cognitive Development in Five Latin American Countries

Research from the United States shows that gaps in early cognitive and non-cognitive ability appear early in the life cycle. Little is known about this important question for developing countries. This paper provides new evidence of sharp differences in cognitive development by socioeconomic status in early childhood for five Latin American countries. To help with comparability, we use the same measure of receptive language ability for all five countries.

Wealth Gradients in Early Childhood Cognitive Development in Five Latin American Countries

Research from the United States shows that gaps in early cognitive and non-cognitive ability appear early in the life cycle. Little is known about this important question for developing countries. This paper provides new evidence of sharp differences in cognitive development by socioeconomic status in early childhood for five Latin American countries. To help with comparability, we use the same measure of receptive language ability for all five countries.

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Early Divergence

Various studies have noted that students enrolled in private schools in India perform better on average than students in government schools. In this paper, I show that large gaps in the test scores of children in private and public sector education are evident even at the point of initial enrolment in formal schooling and are associated with previous attendance in private and public preschools. Children in the sample were aged between 4.5 and 6 years at the time of the survey and were tested on receptive vocabulary and quantitative skills.

Early Divergence

Various studies have noted that students enrolled in private schools in India perform better on average than students in government schools. In this paper, I show that large gaps in the test scores of children in private and public sector education are evident even at the point of initial enrolment in formal schooling and are associated with previous attendance in private and public preschools. Children in the sample were aged between 4.5 and 6 years at the time of the survey and were tested on receptive vocabulary and quantitative skills.

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Family Lives and the Environment in Andhra Pradesh

As part of the ongoing collaboration between Young Lives and the NOVELLA (Narratives of Varied Everyday Lives and Linked Approaches) Family Lives and the Environment study based at the Institute of Education, Emma Wilson from Young Lives has been working closely with researchers Natasha Shukla and Janet Boddy to re-analyse a subset of qualitative data consisting of 8 Older Cohort children and their caregivers from the India (Andhra Pradesh) sample.

Family Lives and the Environment in Andhra Pradesh

As part of the ongoing collaboration between Young Lives and the NOVELLA (Narratives of Varied Everyday Lives and Linked Approaches) Family Lives and the Environment study based at the Institute of Education, Emma Wilson from Young Lives has been working closely with researchers Natasha Shukla and Janet Boddy to re-analyse a subset of qualitative data consisting of 8 Older Cohort children and their caregivers from the India (Andhra Pradesh) sample.

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Equalising Opportunity? School Quality and Home Disadvantage in Vietnam

Levels of basic literacy and numeracy skills among Vietnamese primary school children are high by comparison with other countries of a similar income level and the country has made impressive gains in primary enrolment in recent years as well as improving the quality of schooling. Nonetheless, there remain substantial gaps in school performance between children from more and less advantaged backgrounds.

Equalising Opportunity? School Quality and Home Disadvantage in Vietnam

Levels of basic literacy and numeracy skills among Vietnamese primary school children are high by comparison with other countries of a similar income level and the country has made impressive gains in primary enrolment in recent years as well as improving the quality of schooling. Nonetheless, there remain substantial gaps in school performance between children from more and less advantaged backgrounds.

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Understanding the Causes and Consequences of Injuries to Adolescents Growing up in Poverty in Ethiopia, Andhra Pradesh (India), Vietnam and Peru

The World Health Organization estimates that almost half of all premature deaths among 15-19 year olds can be attributed to injuries with most (95%) fatal injuries occurring in low and middle-income countries. Yet the evidence-base for adolescent injuries in low-income countries is poor. This paper uses a mixed method approach to gain an understanding of patterns, causes and consequences of unintentional injuries among adolescents aged between 14 and 16 years in four low-income country settings.

Understanding the Causes and Consequences of Injuries to Adolescents Growing up in Poverty in Ethiopia, Andhra Pradesh (India), Vietnam and Peru

The World Health Organization estimates that almost half of all premature deaths among 15-19 year olds can be attributed to injuries with most (95%) fatal injuries occurring in low and middle-income countries. Yet the evidence-base for adolescent injuries in low-income countries is poor. This paper uses a mixed method approach to gain an understanding of patterns, causes and consequences of unintentional injuries among adolescents aged between 14 and 16 years in four low-income country settings.

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Choosing and Changing Schools in India's Private and Government Sectors

The growth and increasing popularity of "low-fee" private schooling across many parts of India has attracted much research and policy attention. This paper broadens the discussion by drawing attention to the increasing heterogeneity of the educational landscape in many communities. Our specific focus is on the consequences for school choices made by households across rural and urban Andhra Pradesh.

Choosing and Changing Schools in India's Private and Government Sectors

The growth and increasing popularity of "low-fee" private schooling across many parts of India has attracted much research and policy attention. This paper broadens the discussion by drawing attention to the increasing heterogeneity of the educational landscape in many communities. Our specific focus is on the consequences for school choices made by households across rural and urban Andhra Pradesh.

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Socioeconomic Status at the Age 1 Predict Opportunities to Learn and Achievement in Mathematics in Fourth Grade in Peru

Using Young Lives longitudinal data from Peru, this paper explores the relationship between socio-economic status (SES) measured at the age of 1, opportunities to learn (OTL) and achievement in mathematics by the time children were in fourth grade of primary school. Four variables of OTL were measured: hours of class per year, curriculum coverage, quality of teachers' feedback, and level of cognitive demand. The last three were measured through an analysis of the exercises attempted by students in their notebooks and workbooks.

Socioeconomic Status at the Age 1 Predict Opportunities to Learn and Achievement in Mathematics in Fourth Grade in Peru

Using Young Lives longitudinal data from Peru, this paper explores the relationship between socio-economic status (SES) measured at the age of 1, opportunities to learn (OTL) and achievement in mathematics by the time children were in fourth grade of primary school. Four variables of OTL were measured: hours of class per year, curriculum coverage, quality of teachers' feedback, and level of cognitive demand. The last three were measured through an analysis of the exercises attempted by students in their notebooks and workbooks.

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Schooling, Childhood Poverty and International Development

Due to the rarity of longitudinal data, evidence on the benefits of education across the life-course is relatively sparse in developing countries. Young Lives is the only comparative dual-cohort study to combine data collection using mixed-methods at child, household, school and community levels, following 12,000 children in two cohorts across four countries since 2002.

Schooling, Childhood Poverty and International Development

Due to the rarity of longitudinal data, evidence on the benefits of education across the life-course is relatively sparse in developing countries. Young Lives is the only comparative dual-cohort study to combine data collection using mixed-methods at child, household, school and community levels, following 12,000 children in two cohorts across four countries since 2002.

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Children’s Learning Practices: Observations from Ethiopian Primary School Classes

This paper explores questions of relevance to Ethiopian primary education policy. It examines (i) the match/mismatch between government-prescribed pedagogy and actual student learning practices and (ii) the relationship between those practices and school, class and teacher level factors. The paper employs evidence from government documents on curriculum and pedagogy, time-based observations of 5,088 students in 776 mathematics classes and interviews with teachers.

Children’s Learning Practices: Observations from Ethiopian Primary School Classes

This paper explores questions of relevance to Ethiopian primary education policy. It examines (i) the match/mismatch between government-prescribed pedagogy and actual student learning practices and (ii) the relationship between those practices and school, class and teacher level factors. The paper employs evidence from government documents on curriculum and pedagogy, time-based observations of 5,088 students in 776 mathematics classes and interviews with teachers.

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