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How Girls Fall Behind On Cognitive Performance

Cognitive competence is a fragile construct and a range of factors influence whether individuals perform above or below their ability.  Using rich longitudinal data collected by Young Lives from the state of Andhra Pradesh, India (2002-2009), this paper studies two cohorts of children at two points in time (at 5 and 8 years, and 12 and 15 years of age) and examines gender inequality in performance in language and math tests.  Newly developed quantile estimation techniques in conjunction with traditional Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions are applied to examine the boy-advantage (and ch

How Girls Fall Behind On Cognitive Performance

Cognitive competence is a fragile construct and a range of factors influence whether individuals perform above or below their ability.  Using rich longitudinal data collected by Young Lives from the state of Andhra Pradesh, India (2002-2009), this paper studies two cohorts of children at two points in time (at 5 and 8 years, and 12 and 15 years of age) and examines gender inequality in performance in language and math tests.  Newly developed quantile estimation techniques in conjunction with traditional Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions are applied to examine the boy-advantage (and ch

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Essays in Children's Time Allocation and Age at Primary School Enrollment

The essays in this dissertation explore the challenges of primary school attendance and the timing of enrollment in primary school in a typical developing country where child labor is widely practiced and poor households have limited access to school. The first essay assesses if when a child was born relative to his/her siblings affect whether the child attends school or participates in child labor. I investigate this question by estimating the effect of birth order on the probabilities of school attendance and child labor participation.

Essays in Children's Time Allocation and Age at Primary School Enrollment

The essays in this dissertation explore the challenges of primary school attendance and the timing of enrollment in primary school in a typical developing country where child labor is widely practiced and poor households have limited access to school. The first essay assesses if when a child was born relative to his/her siblings affect whether the child attends school or participates in child labor. I investigate this question by estimating the effect of birth order on the probabilities of school attendance and child labor participation.

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The Structural Relationship between Nutrition, Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills

Both cognitive and non-cognitive skills are rewarded in the labour market. However there is little evidence about how these abilities are formed in the context of developing countries. I study the way in which cognitive and non-cognitive skills are simultaneously acquired in the transition from childhood to adolescence using longitudinal data from four countries: Peru, India, Vietnam and Ethiopia. I estimate a linearized version of the technology of skills formation, linking inputs observed at 7 to 8 years to outputs observed at 11 to 12 and 14 to 15 years.

The Structural Relationship between Nutrition, Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills

Both cognitive and non-cognitive skills are rewarded in the labour market. However there is little evidence about how these abilities are formed in the context of developing countries. I study the way in which cognitive and non-cognitive skills are simultaneously acquired in the transition from childhood to adolescence using longitudinal data from four countries: Peru, India, Vietnam and Ethiopia. I estimate a linearized version of the technology of skills formation, linking inputs observed at 7 to 8 years to outputs observed at 11 to 12 and 14 to 15 years.

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Women’s Political Reservation, Early Childhood Development and Learning in India

This paper analyses the long-term impacts of reservation of seats for women in the local body elections at the village level in India on children's learning outcomes in rural Andhra Pradesh. Using the random rotation of seats reserved for women over different election cycles —1995; 2001; and 2006, and three rounds of a panel dataset —2002; 2007; and 2009, we analyse the impact of exposure to political reservation during critical periods of childhood.

Women’s Political Reservation, Early Childhood Development and Learning in India

This paper analyses the long-term impacts of reservation of seats for women in the local body elections at the village level in India on children's learning outcomes in rural Andhra Pradesh. Using the random rotation of seats reserved for women over different election cycles —1995; 2001; and 2006, and three rounds of a panel dataset —2002; 2007; and 2009, we analyse the impact of exposure to political reservation during critical periods of childhood.

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Policy and Practice on Language of Instruction in Ethiopian Schools

Education policies regarding language of instruction are hotly debated in countries where the population speaks multiple languages, including English. On the one hand, there is research to suggest that educating students in their mother tongue results in improved educational outcomes because it facilitates understanding of new concepts and strengthens affective measures such as self-esteem, identity, motivation and creativity.

Policy and Practice on Language of Instruction in Ethiopian Schools

Education policies regarding language of instruction are hotly debated in countries where the population speaks multiple languages, including English. On the one hand, there is research to suggest that educating students in their mother tongue results in improved educational outcomes because it facilitates understanding of new concepts and strengthens affective measures such as self-esteem, identity, motivation and creativity.

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Child poverty in India and the limits to growth
Child poverty in India and the limits to growth

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Growing up in Peru: Time Use of Rural and Urban Children

Paper in Spanish - original title: Creciendo en el Peru: una Mirada Longitudinal al uso del Tiempo de las Ninos y las Ninas en al Campo y la Ciudad

Growing up in Peru: Time Use of Rural and Urban Children

Paper in Spanish - original title: Creciendo en el Peru: una Mirada Longitudinal al uso del Tiempo de las Ninos y las Ninas en al Campo y la Ciudad

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Dynamics of Welfare and Poverty in Poor Rural and Urban Communities of Ethiopia

This paper looks at the factors associated with household welfare and poverty and the movement of households into and out of poverty in Ethiopia. To do this, we specified an empirical model in which the dependent variables are the level and changes in real per adult consumption, the probability of being absolutely poor, and movement into and out of poverty. We employed simple ordinary least squares, logit/probit and multinomial logit methods of estimation with and without controlling for individual and community fixed effects (fixed-effect estimation).

Dynamics of Welfare and Poverty in Poor Rural and Urban Communities of Ethiopia

This paper looks at the factors associated with household welfare and poverty and the movement of households into and out of poverty in Ethiopia. To do this, we specified an empirical model in which the dependent variables are the level and changes in real per adult consumption, the probability of being absolutely poor, and movement into and out of poverty. We employed simple ordinary least squares, logit/probit and multinomial logit methods of estimation with and without controlling for individual and community fixed effects (fixed-effect estimation).

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Practical Ethics in Social Research with Children and Families in Young Lives

A great deal of attention is now paid to the ethics of social research. Research governance has expanded, and a burgeoning literature describes the processes,  practices and questions that arise in social research with children, families and communities. This paper outlines the approach taken to research ethics within Young Lives, a longitudinal study of childhood poverty in Ethiopia, Andhra Pradesh (India), Peru and Vietnam, co-ordinated by a research team based in the UK. Drawing on fieldwork reports, qualitative data and other material, I offer some ?real life?

Practical Ethics in Social Research with Children and Families in Young Lives

A great deal of attention is now paid to the ethics of social research. Research governance has expanded, and a burgeoning literature describes the processes,  practices and questions that arise in social research with children, families and communities. This paper outlines the approach taken to research ethics within Young Lives, a longitudinal study of childhood poverty in Ethiopia, Andhra Pradesh (India), Peru and Vietnam, co-ordinated by a research team based in the UK. Drawing on fieldwork reports, qualitative data and other material, I offer some ?real life?

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Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills and Wages

Recently there has been growing interest in the relationship between cognitive and non-cognitive abilities and labour market outcomes. A large literature provides evidence on the positive connection between cognitive test scores and higher wages. Fewer and newer papers have explored the correlation between non cognitive test scores and wages. However, attention is focused on developed countries. Test scores suffer two limitations. First, they can be considered outcomes of the schooling level and latent (unobserved) cognitive and non-cognitive abilities.

Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills and Wages

Recently there has been growing interest in the relationship between cognitive and non-cognitive abilities and labour market outcomes. A large literature provides evidence on the positive connection between cognitive test scores and higher wages. Fewer and newer papers have explored the correlation between non cognitive test scores and wages. However, attention is focused on developed countries. Test scores suffer two limitations. First, they can be considered outcomes of the schooling level and latent (unobserved) cognitive and non-cognitive abilities.

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