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The Implications of Conditionality in Social Assistance Programmes

This chapter focuses on understanding the impact of conditionality within particular social protection instruments, drawing on a wider debate and citing evidence from the Young Lives longitudinal study of childhood poverty. The chapter draws substantially  on Porter with Dornan (2010). We begin by considering some of the different types of schemes often used to deliver social protection, with a discussion of the conditionalities implied by each.

The Implications of Conditionality in Social Assistance Programmes

This chapter focuses on understanding the impact of conditionality within particular social protection instruments, drawing on a wider debate and citing evidence from the Young Lives longitudinal study of childhood poverty. The chapter draws substantially  on Porter with Dornan (2010). We begin by considering some of the different types of schemes often used to deliver social protection, with a discussion of the conditionalities implied by each.

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Intergenerational Relationships and the Life Course

Drawing on three rounds of survey and qualitative data collected by the Young Lives study in Ethiopia among children born in 1994-95 and their caregivers, this paper investigates intergenerational relationships by means of the life-course perspective. The life-course perspective establishes the importance of understanding intergenerational relationships within changing contexts of time and place.

Intergenerational Relationships and the Life Course

Drawing on three rounds of survey and qualitative data collected by the Young Lives study in Ethiopia among children born in 1994-95 and their caregivers, this paper investigates intergenerational relationships by means of the life-course perspective. The life-course perspective establishes the importance of understanding intergenerational relationships within changing contexts of time and place.

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The Role of Gender and Education in Rural Girls’ Life Aspirations in Peru

This paper focuses on rural and indigenous girls and their mothers in Peru, examining how they position schooling and education in their current life and future aspirations, in order to better understand girls' increasing participation in education. It is argued here that the high educational aspirations girls and their families have are not only related to the desire to overcome poverty and marginalisation but also to oppressive gender relations. The widening of female roles available to young rural women is impacting on their identities and life projects.

The Role of Gender and Education in Rural Girls’ Life Aspirations in Peru

This paper focuses on rural and indigenous girls and their mothers in Peru, examining how they position schooling and education in their current life and future aspirations, in order to better understand girls' increasing participation in education. It is argued here that the high educational aspirations girls and their families have are not only related to the desire to overcome poverty and marginalisation but also to oppressive gender relations. The widening of female roles available to young rural women is impacting on their identities and life projects.

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School Violence: Evidence from Young Lives in Vietnam

The issue of school violence in Vietnam has previously been addressed in some papers, but only with reference to a specific locality or combined with other issues under the broader theme of child abuse. However, news about school violence is now appearing in Vietnam's national daily media at an increased frequency and intensity, and attracting general public attention.

School Violence: Evidence from Young Lives in Vietnam

The issue of school violence in Vietnam has previously been addressed in some papers, but only with reference to a specific locality or combined with other issues under the broader theme of child abuse. However, news about school violence is now appearing in Vietnam's national daily media at an increased frequency and intensity, and attracting general public attention.

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Research relationships across time
Research relationships across time

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Parental Education, Gender Preferences and Child Nutritional Status

This paper examines whether the distribution of bargaining power between parents affects permanent and transitory nutritional indicators in the early stages of boys' and girls' life. Rafael uses the Young Lives sample, which is a survey of young children living in poor households in Ethiopia, India (Andhra Pradesh state), Peru and Vietnam. By adopting a methodology to disentangle gender differences produced by technology and preferences, he finds evidence that the allocation of household resources varies with the gender of the child and the gender of the parents.

Parental Education, Gender Preferences and Child Nutritional Status

This paper examines whether the distribution of bargaining power between parents affects permanent and transitory nutritional indicators in the early stages of boys' and girls' life. Rafael uses the Young Lives sample, which is a survey of young children living in poor households in Ethiopia, India (Andhra Pradesh state), Peru and Vietnam. By adopting a methodology to disentangle gender differences produced by technology and preferences, he finds evidence that the allocation of household resources varies with the gender of the child and the gender of the parents.

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The Impact of Parental Aspirations on Private School Enrolment

This paper presents an analysis of the role of parental aspirations in determining private school choice in Andhra Pradesh, using quantitative and qualitative data from the Young Lives cohort study over two rounds. Aspirations are measured using a range of indicators of what educational attainment level and future occupational status parents desire for their children. We find robustly, across all measures of aspirations and different empirical specifications, that parental aspirations have a significant positive impact on the probability that the child is enrolled in a private school.

The Impact of Parental Aspirations on Private School Enrolment

This paper presents an analysis of the role of parental aspirations in determining private school choice in Andhra Pradesh, using quantitative and qualitative data from the Young Lives cohort study over two rounds. Aspirations are measured using a range of indicators of what educational attainment level and future occupational status parents desire for their children. We find robustly, across all measures of aspirations and different empirical specifications, that parental aspirations have a significant positive impact on the probability that the child is enrolled in a private school.

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Improving Education Quality, Equity and Access

This paper presents key findings from Young Lives school survey in Ethiopia conducted in 2009?10, contextualised by cross-sectional evidence from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. The findings suggest that educational exclusion operates through complex mechanisms which conspire to limit the access opportunities of disadvantaged children during the course of the education life-cycle. Exclusion is associated with family ill-health, poverty, livelihood and labour demands, gender-related constraints, geographical context, and lack of parental education and support.

Improving Education Quality, Equity and Access

This paper presents key findings from Young Lives school survey in Ethiopia conducted in 2009?10, contextualised by cross-sectional evidence from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. The findings suggest that educational exclusion operates through complex mechanisms which conspire to limit the access opportunities of disadvantaged children during the course of the education life-cycle. Exclusion is associated with family ill-health, poverty, livelihood and labour demands, gender-related constraints, geographical context, and lack of parental education and support.

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Height in mid Childhood and Psychosocial Competencies in Late Childhood

We use longitudinal data from children growing up in four developing countries (Peru, India, Vietnam, Ethiopia) to study the relationship between height at the age of 7 to 8 and a set of psychosocial competencies measured at the age of 11 to 12 that are known to be correlated with earnings during adulthood: self-efficacy, self-esteem and aspirations. Results show that a one standard deviation increase in height-for-age tends to increase self-efficacy, self-esteem and aspirations by 10.4%, 6.4% and 5.1%, respectively.

Height in mid Childhood and Psychosocial Competencies in Late Childhood

We use longitudinal data from children growing up in four developing countries (Peru, India, Vietnam, Ethiopia) to study the relationship between height at the age of 7 to 8 and a set of psychosocial competencies measured at the age of 11 to 12 that are known to be correlated with earnings during adulthood: self-efficacy, self-esteem and aspirations. Results show that a one standard deviation increase in height-for-age tends to increase self-efficacy, self-esteem and aspirations by 10.4%, 6.4% and 5.1%, respectively.

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From Nutrition to Aspirations and Self-Efficacy

We use data on children at ages 8, 12 and 15 from Young Lives, a cohort study of 12,000 children across Ethiopia, India (Andhra Pradesh), Peru and Vietnam to document the presence of a gender gap across indicators of nutrition, education, aspirations, subjective well-being and psychosocial competencies. We find considerable heterogeneity across countries, ages and indicators in the existence and direction of gender gaps. Second, we find evidence of an 'institutionalized' gender bias against girls in education in India and, to an extent, Ethiopia.

From Nutrition to Aspirations and Self-Efficacy

We use data on children at ages 8, 12 and 15 from Young Lives, a cohort study of 12,000 children across Ethiopia, India (Andhra Pradesh), Peru and Vietnam to document the presence of a gender gap across indicators of nutrition, education, aspirations, subjective well-being and psychosocial competencies. We find considerable heterogeneity across countries, ages and indicators in the existence and direction of gender gaps. Second, we find evidence of an 'institutionalized' gender bias against girls in education in India and, to an extent, Ethiopia.

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